Street drugs associated with acute poisoning: description and analysis of differences in women attended in a hospital emergency department. / Drogas de abuso asociadas a las intoxicaciones agudas: descripción global y análisis de las diferencias en mujeres atendidas en el servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of street drug abuse is difficult to establish in women because of stigma associated with the practice. The main objective of this study was to analyze possible differences between men and women in a sample of patients attended for emergencies due to acute poisonings. The secondary aim was to identify variables associated with severe poisonings defined arbitrarily as requiring intensive care for more than 12 hours after hospital admission. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study in 2 hospital EDs. We included patients over the age of 18 years attended for street drug poisonings between July 1, 2020, and July 31, 2023. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory variables were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1032 patients were studied; 191 (18.5%) were women. The mean (SD) age was 35 years, and the prevalences of acute mental illness and HIV infection were high at 32.2% and 35.7%, respectively. Drug use was recreational in most cases (90.9%). Cocaine, alcohol, and methamphetamines were the substances most often used. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with the seriousness of poisoning were age, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95% CI, 1.01-1.05; P = .003); HIV (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.29-3.41; P = .003); use of benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 2.14-5.66; P .0001); and suicidal ideations (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25-3.79; P = .004). CONCLUSION: Differences in poisoning characteristics in women were found, probably related to the younger ages of men in the sample and their higher frequency of alcohol consumption. Public health policies and campaigns to prevent drug abuse should take gender differences into consideration in order to adapt messages to the target populations.

OBJETIVO: La prevalencia del uso de drogas de abuso es difícil de establecer en mujeres, debido a los estigmas asociados a ello. El objetivo principal fue analizar las posibles diferencias de las intoxicaciones agudas (IA) según el sexo en una muestra de pacientes atendidos en dos servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). El objetivo secundario fue identificar las variables asociadas a las intoxicaciones graves, definidas de forma arbitraria como las que requerían una atención intensiva médica de más de 12 horas y posterior ingreso hospitalario. METODO: Estudio retrospectivo en dos SUH que incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos por IA por drogas de abuso, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de julio 2020 y el 31 de julio 2023. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.032 pacientes, un 18,5% (191) mujeres. La edad media fue de 35 (DE 10) años, con elevada prevalencia de enfermedad mental aguda (32,2%) e infección por VIH (35,7%). El principal motivo de consumo fue lúdico (90,9%). Las principales drogas de abuso fueron cocaína, alcohol y metanfetaminas. El análisis multivariado mostró que únicamente la edad (OR: 1,03, IC 95: 1,01-1,05, p = 0,003), el VIH (OR: 2,10, IC 95: 1,29-3,41, p = 0,003), el consumo de benzodiacepinas (OR: 3,48, IC 95%: 2,14-5,66, p 0,0001), y la ideación autolítica (OR: 1,82, IC 95%: 1,25-3,79, p = 0,004), se asociaron a gravedad de la intoxicación. CONCLUSIONES: Las IA por drogas de abuso en mujeres presentan algunas diferencias en relación a las de los hombres, ya que son más jóvenes y asocian consumo de alcohol con mayor frecuencia. Las campañas de prevención y políticas sanitarias sobre el uso de sustancias deberían tener en cuenta las diferencias en el consumo según el sexo para adaptarlas a la población a las que vayan dirigidas.

Drogas de abuso asociadas a las intoxicaciones agudas: descripción global y análisis de las diferencias en mujeres atendidas en el servicio de urgencias / Street drugs associated with acute poisoning: description and analysis of differences in women attended in a hospital emergency department

Objetivos. La prevalencia del uso de drogas de abuso es difícil de establecer en mujeres, debido a los estigmas asociados a ello. El objetivo principal fue analizar las posibles diferencias de las intoxicaciones agudas (IA) según el sexo en una muestra de pacientes atendidos en dos servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). El objetivo secundario fue identificar las variables asociadas a las intoxicaciones graves, definidas de forma arbitraria como las que requerían una atención intensiva médica de más de 12 horas y posterior ingreso hospitalario. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en dos SUH que incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos por IA por drogas de abuso, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de julio 2020 y el 31 de julio 2023. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1.032 pacientes, un 18,5% (191) mujeres. La edad media fue de 35 (DE 10) años, con elevada prevalencia de enfermedad mental aguda (32,2%) e infección por VIH (35,7%). El principal motivo de consumo fue lúdico (90,9%). Las principales drogas de abuso fueron cocaína, alcohol y metanfetaminas. El análisis multivariado mostró que únicamente la edad (OR: 1,03, IC 95%: 1,01-1,05, p = 0,003), el VIH (OR: 2,10, IC 95%: 1,29-3,41, p = 0,003), el consumo de benzodiacepinas (OR: 3,48, IC 95%: 2,14-5,66, p < 0,0001), y la ideación autolítica (OR: 1,82, IC 95%: 1,25-3,79, p = 0,004), se asociaron a gravedad de la intoxicación. Conclusiones. Las IA por drogas de abuso en mujeres presentan algunas diferencias en relación a las de los hombres, ya que son más jóvenes y asocian consumo de alcohol con mayor frecuencia. Las campañas de prevención y políticas sanitarias sobre el uso de sustancias deberían tener en cuenta las diferencias en el consumo según el sexo para adaptarlas a la población a las que vayan dirigidas. (AU)

Background. The prevalence of street drug abuse is difficult to establish in women because of stigma associated withthe practice. The main objective of this study was to analyze possible differences between men and women in a sample of patients attended for emergencies due to acute poisonings. The secondary aim was to identify variables associated with severe poisonings defined arbitrarily as requiring intensive care for more than 12 hours after hospital admission. Methods. Retrospective study in 2 hospital EDs. We included patients over the age of 18 years attended for street drug poisonings between July 1, 2020, and July 31, 2023. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory variables were analyzed. Results. A total of 1032 patients were studied; 191 (18.5%) were women. The mean (SD) age was 35 years, and the prevalences of acute mental illness and HIV infection were high at 32.2% and 35.7%, respectively. Drug use was recreational in most cases (90.9%). Cocaine, alcohol, and methamphetamines were the substances most often used. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with the seriousness of poisoning were age, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95% CI, 1.01-1.05; P = .003); HIV (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.29-3.41; P = .003); use of benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 2.14-5.66; P < .0001); and suicidal ideations (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25-3.79; P = .004). Conclusions. Differences in poisoning characteristics in women were found, probably related to the younger ages of men in the sample and their higher frequency of alcohol consumption. Public health policies and campaigns to prevent drug abuse should take gender differences into consideration in order to adapt messages to the target populations. (AU)

Patients with drug-abuse poisoning with and without HIV infection: differential characteristics. / Intoxicaciones por drogas de abuso: características diferenciales en población VIH.

OBJECTIVES: Persons with HIV infection who use illicit drugs have higher morbidity and mortality rates than nonusers with or without HIV infection. The objetive were to detect differences between acute poisoning from illicit drugs in patients with and without HIV infection who are attended in hospital emergency departments, and to identify independent factors associated with a worse prognosis, defined by hospital admission or death. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study in 2 hospitals between January 2017 and 31 December 2021. Included were patients with acute illicit drug poisoning with and without HIV infection. RESULTS: Information for 1132 patients was included. The mean (SD) ages of patients with and without HIV infection, respectively, were 38.9 (9.6) years and 32.6 (10.4) years. In patients with HIV, the main drugs used were opioids (279 [85.3%]), cocaine (226 [69.1%]), and amphetamines (153 [46.8%]. None in this group were on methadone substitution therapy for opioid addiction. In patients without HIV infection the main drugs were cocaine (372 [47.2%]) and cannabis (238 [33.8%]). Alcohol was used along with illicit drugs in 387 cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the only variables independently associated with a poor prognosis were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.19 [1.29-3.11], P .003), age (OR, 1.20 [1.01-1.05], P .003), and acute poisoning from benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48 [2.14-5.66], P .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.717. CONCLUSION: Certain characteristics distinguish the illicit drug use of patients with HIV infection. HIV infection, age, and the use of benzodiazepines are independently associated with a poor prognosis in acute poisonings.

OBJETIVO: La población VIH, consumidora de drogas de abuso (DA), tiene mayor morbimortalidad en relación con los no consumidores y no VIH. Se investiga si existen diferencias en las intoxicaciones agudas (IA) por DA, en pacientes VIH y no VIH atendidos en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH), y se identifican factores independientes de mal pronóstico, definido por ingreso o fallecimiento. METODO: Estudio bicéntrico y observacional de 1 de enero de 2017 al 31 de diciembre de 2021. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH y no VIH atendido en dos SUH por intoxicación por DA. Se recogieron variables demográficas y la sustancia consumida. La variable de resultado principal fue mal pronóstico, definido como ingreso o muerte a los 30 días. RESULTADOS: Se recogieron 1.132 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes VIH fue 39 ± 10 años, y 33 ± 10 años para los no VIH. En la población VIH predominaron los opiáceos 279 (85,3%) (ninguno de ellos estaba en tratamiento sustitutivo con metadona), la cocaína 226 (30,9%) y las anfetaminas 153 (69,1%), mientras que en la no VIH predominaron la cocaína 372 (47,2%) y el cannabis 238 (33,8%). El etanol se asoció con otras DA en 387 pacientes. El análisis multivariado mostró que las únicas variables independientes de mal pronóstico fueron el VIH [OR 2,19 (1,29-3,11), p 0,003], la edad [OR 1,20 (1,01-1,05), p 0,003], y la IA por benzodiacepinas (BDZ) [OR 3,48 (2,14-5,66), p 0,001], con un área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor de este modelo de 0,717. CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias en las características de las IA en pacientes VIH. La infección VIH, la edad y el consumo de BZD son factores independientes de mal pronóstico en las IA.

Intoxicaciones por drogas de abuso: características diferenciales en población VIH / Patients with drug-abuse poisoning with and without HIV infection: differential characteristics

Objetivo: La población VIH, consumidora de drogas de abuso (DA), tiene mayor morbimortalidad en relación con los no consumidores y no VIH. Se investiga si existen diferencias en las intoxicaciones agudas (IA) por DA, en pacientes VIH y no VIH atendidos en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH), y se identifican factores independientes de mal pronóstico, definido por ingreso o fallecimiento. Método: Estudio bicéntrico y observacional de 1 de enero de 2017 al 31 de diciembre de 2021. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH y no VIH atendido en dos SUH por intoxicación por DA. Se recogieron variables demográficas y la sustancia consumida. La variable de resultado principal fue mal pronóstico, definido como ingreso o muerte a los 30 días. Resultados: Se recogieron 1.132 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes VIH fue 39 ± 10 años, y 33 ± 10 años para los no VIH. En la población VIH predominaron los opiáceos 279 (85,3%) (ninguno de ellos estaba en tratamiento sustitutivo con metadona), la cocaína 226 (30,9%) y las anfetaminas 153 (69,1%), mientras que en la no VIH predominaron la cocaína 372 (47,2%) y el cannabis 238 (33,8%). El etanol se asoció con otras DA en 387 pacientes. El análisis multivariado mostró que las únicas variables independientes de mal pronóstico fueron el VIH [OR 2,19 (1,29-3,11), p < 0,003], la edad [OR 1,20 (1,01-1,05), p < 0,003], y la IA por benzodiacepinas (BDZ) [OR 3,48 (2,14-5,66), p < 0,001], con un área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor de este modelo de 0,717. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias en las características de las IA en pacientes VIH. La infección VIH, la edad y el consumo de BZD son factores independientes de mal pronóstico en las IA. (AU)

Objective: Persons with HIV infection who use illicit drugs have higher morbidity and mortality rates than nonusers with or without HIV infection. The objetive were to detect differences between acute poisoning from illicit drugs in patients with and without HIV infection who are attended in hospital emergency departments, and to identify independent factors associated with a worse prognosis, defined by hospital admission or death. Methods: Observational study in 2 hospitals between January 2017 and 31 December 2021. Included were patients with acute illicit drug poisoning with and without HIV infection. Results: Information for 1132 patients was included. The mean (SD) ages of patients with and without HIV infection, respectively, were 38.9 (9.6) years and 32.6 (10.4) years. In patients with HIV, the main drugs used were opioids (279 [85.3%]), cocaine (226 [69.1%]), and amphetamines (153 [46.8%]. None in this group were on methadone substitution therapy for opioid addiction. In patients without HIV infection the main drugs were cocaine (372 [47.2%]) and cannabis (238 [33.8%]). Alcohol was used along with illicit drugs in 387 cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the only variables independently associated with a poor prognosis were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.19 [1.29-3.11], P < .003), age (OR, 1.20 [1.01-1.05], P < .003), and acute poisoning from benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48 [2.14-5.66], P < .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.717. Conclusion: Certain characteristics distinguish the illicit drug use of patients with HIV infection. HIV infection, age, and the use of benzodiazepines are independently associated with a poor prognosis in acute poisonings. (AU)

Presencia de sustancias psicoactivas en las víctimas de violencia sexual en la provincia de Alicante (España) durante los años 2016-2020 / Incidence of psychoactive substances in victims of sexual assaults in Alicante province (Spain) during the years 2016-2020

Introducción: el empleo de drogas psicoactivas para facilitar una agresión sexual ha adquirido gran relevancia en estos últimos años. El objetivo del presente trabajo es ayudar a visibilizar este tipo de situaciones, estableciendo los criterios diagnósticos y así poder determinar la incidencia real de este tipo de delitos. Material y métodos: se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de las víctimas de violencia sexual mediante el empleo de sustancias psicoactivas, atendidas por los médicos forenses del Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Alicante, en los años 2016 a 2020. Resultados: de los 702 casos estudiados de víctimas de violencia sexual, en 95 casos (13,5%) se cumplían los criterios de sospecha de sumisión química o delitos facilitados por sustancias psicoactivas. El perfil de la víctima es mujer (94,7%), de edad media 24,7 años. En la mayoría de los casos la violencia sexual fue cometida por un único agresor (80,6%), varón, conocido o recién conocido por la víctima y generalmente los hechos ocurrieron en fin de semana (54,8%). La víctima había consumido voluntariamente alcohol solo, o en combinación con drogas y/o medicamentos, inmediatamente antes de los hechos en la mayoría de los casos (88,5%). La situación de vulnerabilidad que genera este consumo puede ser aprovechado por el agresor para agredirla sexualmente (sumisión química oportunista). Los análisis químico-toxicológicos de las muestras analizadas en la sangre y la orina fueron positivos en un 85,3% de los casos. En casi la mitad de los casos fueron positivos a más de una sustancia (46,3%). Las más frecuentes encontradas fueron: alcohol (54,7%), cannabinoides (37,9%), benzodiacepinas (22,1%), cocaína (15,8%) y éxtasis (8,4%). En la mitad de los casos (50,5%), se obtuvieron hallazgos toxicológicos positivos inesperados de sustancias psicoactivas, que la víctima no admitía haber consumido voluntariamente.(AU)

Introduction: The use of psychoactive drugs to facilitate sexual assault has acquired great relevance in recent years. The objective of this work is to help make this type of situation visible, establishing diagnostic criteria and thus being able to determine the real incidence of this type of crime. Materials and methods: In order to determine the frequency and characteristics of victims of sexual assault with suspected chemical submission (SSQ), a retrospective descriptive study of sexual assaults facilitated by psychoactive substances has been carried out at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Alicante in the years 2016-2020. Results: Among 702 cases studied, 95 (13.5%) met the criteria for inclusion in the probable DFSA (drug-facilitated sexual assault) group. The profile of the victim was a woman (95.4%) around 24 years old. In most cases, the sexual violence was committed by a single male aggressor, recently met or known by the victim, and generally these events happen on weekends. The victim had voluntarily consumed alcohol, drugs or psychotropic drugs immediately before the events in most cases (88,5%). This vulnerable state of the victim was used by the aggressor to sexually assault her (opportunistic DFSA). The toxicological analyses performed on blood and/or urine were positive in 85.3%. In almost half of them (46.3%), there was more than one substance found in the toxicological analyses. The most frequent substance found were: alcohol (54.7%), cannabinoids (37,9%), benzodiazepines (22.1%), cocaine (15.8%) and ecstasy or MDMA (8.4%). In half of the cases (50.5%), unexpected positive toxicological findings were obtained for psychoactive substances that the victim did not admit to having consumed voluntarily.(AU)

Pancreatitis aguda asociada a cocaína, una complicación inusual. Serie de casos / Cocaine-induced acute pancreatitis, an unusual complication. Case serie / Pancreatite aguda associada à cocaína, uma complicação incomum. Número de casos

La cocaína es una de las sustancias ilegales más consumidas y Colombia no es la ex­cepción. Dentro de las sustancias ilegales es la segunda más consumida después del cannabis. Por su mecanismo mismo de acción, que produce aumento de aminas bióge­nas, se han asociado con la cocaína diferentes riesgos, tanto agudos como crónicos, y dentro de sus complicaciones se han descrito cambios comportamentales, compromiso cardiovascular y neurológico. La coingesta de cocaína y alcohol da lugar a un metabolito conocido como cocaetileno, que lleva a complicaciones cardiovasculares. Poco se ha descrito sobre el riesgo de la cocaína o la coingesta cocaína y alcohol, como un factor sumatorio, para la pancreatitis. Reportamos tres pacientes jóvenes consumidores del alcaloide que desarrollaron pancreatitis aguda, dos de ellos murieron. El objetivo de este reporte es sensibilizar a los trabajadores de la salud sobre otro riesgo para considerar en los pacientes consumidores de cocaína.

Cocaine is one of the most consumed illegal substances and Colombia is no exception. It is the second most consumed among the illegal substances after cannabis. Due to its very mechanism of action, which produces an increase in biogenic amines, different risks, both acute and chronic, have been associated with cocaine, and among its complications, behavioral changes, cardiovascular and neurological compromise have been described. The co-ingestion of cocaine and alcohol gives rise to a metabolite known as cocaethylene, which leads to cardiovascular complications. Little has been described about the risk of cocaine or cocaine and alcohol co-ingestion, as a summative factor, for pancreatitis. We report three young patients consuming the alkaloid who developed acute pancreatitis, two of whom died. The objective of this report is to sensitize health workers about another risk to consider in cocaine-consuming patients.

A cocaína é uma das substâncias ilícitas mais consumidas e a Colômbia não é exceção. Dentro das substâncias ilícitas é a segunda mais consumida depois da maconha. Devido ao seu próprio mecanismo de ação, que produz aumento de aminas biogênicas, diversos riscos, tanto agudos quanto crônicos, têm sido associados à cocaína e, entre suas complicações, têm sido descritas alterações comportamentais, comprometimento cardiovascular e neurológico. A co-ingestão de cocaína e álcool dá origem a um metabólito conhecido como cocaetileno, que leva a complicações cardiovasculares. Pouco tem sido descrito sobre o risco da co-ingestão de cocaína ou cocaína e álcool, como fator somativo, para pancreatite. Relatamos 3 pacientes jovens consumindo o alcalóide que desenvolveram pancreatite aguda, dois dos quais morreram. O objetivo deste relatório é sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde sobre outro risco a ser considerado em pacientes consumidores de cocaína.

Lesiones dentales por el uso de cocaína / Dental lesions due to the use of cocaine

El consumo, abuso y adicción de sustancias ilícitas, como por ejemplo la cocaína, es uno de los problemas de salud pública más preocupante en nuestro país, con diferentes índices en el conurbano. El uso de cocaína en estos medios produce daños en distintos órganos, entre los cuales podemos mencionar, corazón, cerebro, riñón y también en tejidos duros como los dientes, daños y lesiones a las que haremos referencia en este artículo. El caso presentado en este trabajo es el de un paciente de 21 años, que ingresa a la guardia por traumatismo de cráneo moderado producido por una colisión moto-autobús. Sus familiares no refieren antecedentes de enfermedades previas. Se interna en la Unidad de terapia intensiva; y llama la atención, al realizar el examen físico, las lesiones observadas en los dientes incisivos y premolares de la arcada dentaria superior.

The consumption, abuse, and addiction of illicit substances, such as cocaine, is one of the most worrying public health problems in our country, with different indices in the conurbano. The use of cocaine in these media produces damage to different organs, among which we can mention, heart, brain, kidney and also in hard tissues such as teeth, damage and injuries to which we will refer to this article. The case presented in this work is that of a 21-year-old patient, who enters the guard for moderate skull trauma produced by a motorcycle-autobus collision. His relatives do not refer to a history of previous diseases. It goes into the Intensive Therapy Unit; And it attracts attention, when performing the physical exam, the lesions observed in the incisive and premolars of the upper dental arcade

Factores de riesgo del suicidio consumado en los jóvenes y los adultos de mediana edad: estudio poblacional forense / Risk factors for completed suicide in young people and middle-aged adults: Population forensic study

Introducción: El suicidio es un problema importante de salud pública. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las características demográficas, clínicas y toxicológicas, y los métodos del suicidio en jóvenes y adultos de mediana edad.MétodoEl estudio fue retrospectivo poblacional del suicidio consumado en sujetos de 14-55 años que fueron objeto de autopsia forense en Bizkaia entre 2016-2018.ResultadosSe registraron 272 suicidios. La incidencia global fue de 7,8/100.000 habitantes/año. Ciento veintisiete tenían entre 14 y 55 años. La tasa fue 3 veces superior en los varones y se incrementó con la edad. En el 72% se recogió algún factor de riesgo clínico, predominando los trastornos mentales (59%): del estado de ánimo (23%), por abuso de sustancias (20,5%) y psicóticos (14%). El 38% de los adictos tenía otro trastorno mental. La enfermedad física (23%) y el intento de suicidio (20,5%) fueron los factores relevantes. El 41% fueron positivos para sustancias de abuso: etanol (22%), cannabis (16%), cocaína (11%) y anfetamina (8%). Este porcentaje fue del 79% en los adictos a sustancias. Los trastornos por abuso de sustancias (25% vs. 6,5%; p = 0,03) y la presencia de alcohol y/o drogas (49% vs. 16%; p = 0,001) fueron más prevalentes en los varones.ConclusionesLa incidencia del suicidio en Bizkaia es más baja que la media europea. El suicidio es un problema complejo asociado a factores demográficos, clínicos (principalmente, trastornos depresivos y abuso de sustancias) y al consumo reciente de alcohol y drogas ilegales. Para identificar los factores de riesgo y orientar las medidas preventivas se requieren investigaciones prospectivas multidisciplinares y multicéntricas. (AU)

Introduction: Suicide is a major public health problem. The objective of this study is to analyze the demographic, clinical and toxicological characteristics and the mechanisms of suicide in young people and middle-aged adults.MethodRetrospective population study of completed suicide in subjects aged 14-55 who were subjected to a forensic autopsy in Bizkaia between 2016-2018.Results272 suicides were recorded. The global incidence was 7.8/100.00 inhabitants/year. 127 were 14-55 years old. The rate was 3 times higher in men and increased with age. In 72%, some clinical risk factor was collected, mainly mental disorders (59%): mood disorders (23%), substance abuse (20.5%) and psychotic disorders (14%). 38% of addicts had another mental disorder. Physical illness (23%) and suicide attempt (20.5%) were also relevant factors. 41% were positive for alcohol and/or illicit drugs: ethanol (22%), cannabis (16%), cocaine (11%) and amphetamine (8%). This percentage was 79% in substance addicts. Substance abuse disorders (25% vs. 6.5%; p = 0.03) and presence of alcohol and/or drugs (49% vs. 16%; p = 0.001) were more prevalent in men. The most commonly used methods were fall from heights (35%) and hanging (31%).ConclusionsThe incidence of suicide in Bizkaia is lower than the European average. Suicide is a complex problem associated with demographic and clinical factors (mainly depressive and substance abuse disorders) and recent use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Prospective multidisciplinary and multicenter researches are required in order to identify risk factors and to guide preventive measures. (AU)

Vulnerability of pregnant women using alcohol and other drugs in low-risk prenatal care / Vulnerabilidad de gestantes que consumen alcohol y otras drogas en el prenatal de bajo riesgo / Vulnerabilidade de gestantes usuárias de álcool e outras drogas em pré-natal de baixo risco

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the contexts that enhance the dimensions of individual, social, and programmatic vulnerability associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy. Method: qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory, cross-sectional study. Participants were 38 pregnant women who used alcohol and other drugs, at a moderate and severe level, in low-risk prenatal care in the Primary Health Care of two cities in the Metropolitan Region of Maringá - Paraná. Data was collected from, December 2019 to March 2020. The Vulnerability analytical framework guided the discussion. Results: at the individual level, the vulnerability contexts were issues of gender, brown and black ethnicity/color, low education, reproductive period, and high parity. At the social level, the lack of insertion in the job market, family income below the poverty line, abusive intra-family relationships, addictive behavior in the family, and violence in the living community. In the programmatic plan, there was a low demand for health services, lack of welcoming for the treatment of drug use, screening for deficient drug use, low bond with family health teams, absence of dental, psychological, and social services, insertion in the inadequate level of prenatal care, usual risk, while they should have been classified as high risk, and mean prenatal consultations below recommended. Conclusion: the study made it possible to advance in the contexts of the vulnerability of these pregnant women. Recognizing these contexts makes it possible to formulate strategies to reduce harm and damages to maternal and fetal health related to drug use during pregnancy, leading to a favorable gestational outcome.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar los contextos que potencian las dimensiones de vulnerabilidad individual, social y programática asociadas al consumo de alcohol y otras drogas durante el embarazo. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, transversal. Participaron 38 gestantes que consumían alcohol y otras drogas, en grado moderado y severo, en el prenatal de bajo riesgo en la Atención Primaria de Salud de dos municipios de la Región Metropolitana de Maringá - Paraná. . Los datos se recopilaron desde diciembre de 2019 a marzo de 2020. El marco analítico de Vulnerabilidad orientó la discusión. Resultados: en el plano individual, los contextos de vulnerabilidad detectados fueron: cuestiones de género, raza/color pardo y negro, baja escolaridad, período reproductivo y alta paridad. A nivel social, la falta de inserción en el mercado laboral, ingresos familiares por debajo de la línea de pobreza, relaciones intrafamiliares abusivas, conductas adictivas en la familia y violencia en la comunidad de convivencia. En el plano programático se constató baja demanda de servicios de salud, falta de acogida para el tratamiento del consumo de drogas, rastreo por consumo deficiente de drogas, escasa vinculación con los equipos de salud de la familia, falta de atención odontológica, psicológica y del servicio social, inserción en nivel inadecuado de atención prenatal, clasificación como riesgo habitual, cuando correspondía la clasificación de alto riesgo, y promedio de consultas prenatales por debajo de lo recomendado. Conclusión: el estudio permitió avanzar en los contextos de vulnerabilidad de estas gestantes. El (re)conocimiento de estos contextos permite formular estrategias para reducir los daños y perjuicios a la salud materna y fetal relacionados con el uso de drogas durante el embarazo, lo que conduce a un resultado gestacional favorable.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os contextos que potencializam as dimensões de vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática associadas ao uso de álcool e outras drogas durante a gravidez. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, com corte transversal. Participaram 38 gestantes usuárias álcool e outras drogas, em nível moderado e grave, em atendimento pré-natal de baixo risco na Atenção Primária à Saúde de dois municípios da Região Metropolitana de Maringá - Paraná. Os dados foram coletados de dezembro de 2019 a março de 2020. O referencial analítico da Vulnerabilidade pautou a discussão. Resultados: no plano individual, os contextos de vulnerabilidade eram questões de gênero, raça/cor parda e preta, baixa escolaridade, período reprodutivo e alta paridade. No plano social, a ausência de inserção no mercado de trabalho, renda familiar na linha da pobreza, relações intrafamiliares abusivas, comportamento aditivo na família e violência na comunidade de convivência. No plano programático encontraram-se baixa procura a serviços de saúde, ausência de acolhimento para o tratamento do uso de drogas, rastreio para o uso de drogas deficitário, baixo vínculo com as equipes da saúde da família, ausência de atendimento odontológico, psicológico e do serviço social, inserção no nível de assistência pré-natal inadequado, risco habitual, enquanto deveriam ter sido classificadas como alto risco, e média de consultas pré-natal abaixo do preconizado. Conclusão: o estudo permitiu avançar nos contextos de vulnerabilidade dessas gestantes. O (re)conhecimento destes contextos possibilita a formulação de estratégias de redução de danos e de agravos à saúde materno fetal relacionados ao uso de drogas durante a gravidez, conduzindo a um desfecho gestacional favorável.

Internações por álcool e outras drogas: tendências em uma década no estado do Paraná / Internaciones por alcohol y otras drogas: tendencias de una década en el estado de Paraná / Hospitalizations due to alcohol and other drugs: trends in a decade in the state of Paraná

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a tendência das internações hospitalares por álcool e outras drogas em uma década no estado do Paraná. Métodos Estudo ecológico, de série temporal, utilizando o Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os dados foram coletados dos registros do estado do Paraná, Região Sul do Brasil, restritos ao período de 2009 a 2018. Buscaram-se registros dos critérios diagnósticos F10 a F19 (uso de álcool e outras drogas), de acordo com a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados com a Saúde - 10ª edição. Para a análise de tendência, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão polinomial. Resultados Foram registradas 201.377 internações hospitalares por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devido ao uso de álcool e outras drogas, com taxa média de 210,52 internações por 100 mil habitantes. Houve maior taxa de internação do sexo masculino, média 374,24 por 100 mil habitantes, predominio a faixa etária dos 25 a 50 anos para ambos os sexos. Dentre as internações, 56,86% estavam relacionadas a transtornos mentais e comportamentais devido ao uso de álcool. A análise da regressão polinomial revelou tendência decrescente (p=0,003; R2=0,706), com diferenças entre as regiões do Estado. A Macrorregional Leste apresentou a maior taxa de internação (320,25), apenas a regional de Paranaguá apresentou tendência crescente (19,33/ano). Conclusão A taxa das internações apresentou um declínio e a identificação das regiões com maior taxa de internação por abuso de álcool e outras drogas pode fornecer subsídios para a implementação de políticas públicas, com ações de monitoramento e estratégias de prevenção.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la tendencia de las internaciones hospitalarias por alcohol y otras drogas de una década en el estado de Paraná. Métodos Estudio ecológico, de serie temporal, utilizando el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Único de Salud. Los datos fueron recopilados de los registros del estado de Paraná, región sur de Brasil, restringidos al período de 2009 a 2018. Se buscaron registros de los criterios diagnósticos F10 a F19 (uso de alcohol y otras drogas), de acuerdo con la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud - 10ª edición. Para el análisis de tendencia, se utilizó el modelo de regresión polinomial. Resultados Se registraron 201.377 internaciones hospitalarias por trastornos mentales y comportamentales en función del uso de alcohol y de otras drogas, con un índice promedio de 210,52 internaciones cada 100.000 habitantes. Hubo un índice más alto de internación del sexo masculino, promedio 374,24 cada 100.000 habitantes, predominio del grupo de edad de 25 a 50 años en ambos sexos. El 56,86 % de las internaciones se relacionó con trastornos mentales y de comportamiento en función del uso de alcohol. El análisis de la regresión polinomial reveló una tendencia decreciente (p=0,003; R2=0,706), con diferencias entre las regiones del estado. La Macrorregional Este presentó el índice más elevado de internación (320,25), solamente la regional de Paranaguá presentó una tendencia creciente (19,33/año). Conclusión El índice de las internaciones mostró una caída y la identificación de las regiones con mayor índice de internación por abuso de alcohol y otras drogas puede respaldar la implementación de políticas públicas, con acciones de monitoreo y de estrategias de prevención.

Abstract Objective To analyze the trend of hospitalizations due to alcohol and other drugs in a decade in the state of Paraná. Methods This is an ecological, time series study using the Unified Health System's Hospital Information System. Data were collected from the records of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, restricted to the period from 2009 to 2018. Diagnostic criteria F10 to F19 (use of alcohol and other drugs) records were sought, according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems - 10th edition. For trend analysis, the polynomial regression model was used. Results There were 201,377 hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of alcohol and other drugs, with a mean rate of 210.52 hospitalizations per 100,000 inhabitants. There was a higher male hospitalization rate, with a mean of 374.24 per 100,000 inhabitants, predominantly aged 25 to 50 years for both sexes. Among hospitalizations, 56.86% were related to mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use. Polynomial regression analysis revealed downward trend (p=0.003; R2=0.706), with differences between the state regions. The East Macroregion had the highest hospitalization rate (320.25), only the Paranaguá region had an upward trend (19.33/year). Conclusion The rate of hospitalizations showed a decline and the identification of the regions with the highest rate of hospitalization due to alcohol and other drug abuse can provide subsidies for implementing public policies, with monitoring actions and prevention strategies.

Because of the baby: reduction on drug use during pregnancy / Por causa do bebê: redução do uso de drogas por gestantes

Abstract Objectives: evaluate changes in the use of psychoactive substances (PAS) throughout pregnancy. Methods: longitudinal study, with pregnant women users of PAS at a prenatal follow-up. Results: 76 pregnant women used: tobacco (84.2%, n=64), alcohol (73.7%, n=56), cocaine (27.6%, n=21), marijuana (26.3%, n=20) and crack (13.1%, n=10). Spontaneous interruption had occurred in 60% (n=6) of crack users, 57.1% (n=12) of cocaine and 50% (n=28) of alcohol. After the Brief Intervention, 78.9% (15 of the total of 19) of alcohol users and 70% (7 of the total of 10) of marijuana users discontinued the consumption and there was a reduction in smoking cigarettes. Conclusions: the spontaneous reduction in the consumption of PAS and after the interventions, pregnancy is a window of opportunity to reduce the use of drugs.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar mudanças no uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) durante a gravidez. Métodos: estudo longitudinal, com gestantes usuárias de SPA em seguimento pré-natal. Resultados: 76 gestantes, que utilizavam: tabaco (84,2%, n=64), álcool (73,7%, n=56), cocaína (27,6%, n=21), maconha (26,3%, n=20) e crack (13,1%, n=10). Houve interrupção espontânea em 60% (n=6) das usuárias de crack, 57,1% (n=12) de cocaína e 50% (n=28) de álcool. Após Intervenção Breve, cessaram o consumo 78,9% (15 do total de 19) das usuárias de álcool e 70% (7 do total de 10) de maconha, e as tabagistas diminuíram o número de cigarros. Conclusões: a redução do consumo de SPA espontânea e após intervenções reforçam a gravidez como janela de oportunidade para abordagem do uso de drogas.

Análise dos óbitos decorrentes de intoxicação ocorridos no Brasil de 2010 a 2015 com base no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) / Analysis of deaths by intoxication that occurred in Brazil from 2010 to 2015 based on the Mortality Information System (SIM)

Resumo Muitos estudos analisam o perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos causados por um único agente tóxico. No entanto, análises mais amplas da mortalidade podem ser obtidas avaliando múltiplos agentes em um mesmo período de tempo. Com esse objetivo, foi realizado um estudo descritivo retrospectivo dos óbitos decorrentes de intoxicações ocorridos de 2010 a 2015 no Brasil, registrados pelo SIM. Os óbitos foram selecionados de acordo com os códigos da CID-10 relacionados a intoxicações. Foram registrados pelo SIM, no período do estudo, 18.247 óbitos decorrentes de intoxicação, resultando em crescimento de 3% no coeficiente de mortalidade. Os agentes que mais causaram óbitos foram os agrotóxicos (24%) seguidos dos medicamentos (23%) e das drogas de abuso (22%). Com exceção dos medicamentos, em que a participação do sexo feminino foi de 52%, verificou-se maior concentração do sexo masculino para todos os agentes e na maioria das faixas etárias. Somente para os medicamentos e agrotóxicos, o suicídio foi a principal circunstância dos óbitos. Os resultados apresentados foram capazes de delinear um perfil de mortalidade para cada um dos principais agentes tóxicos estudados.

Abstract Many studies analyze the epidemiological profile of deaths caused by a single toxic agent. However, broader mortality analyses can be obtained by evaluating multiple agents over the same period of time. For this purpose, a retrospective descriptive study was carried out of the deaths by intoxication registered in the Mortality Information System that occurred in Brazil from 2010 to 2015. Deaths were selected according to ICD-10 codes related to intoxication. There were 18,247 deaths and an increase of 3% of rates of mortality by intoxication during the period. The agents that caused the most deaths were pesticides (24%) followed by medication (23%) and street drugs (22%). With the exception of medication, where the female participation was 52%, there was a higher concentration of males for all agents and in most of the age groups. Only in the case of medication and pesticides was suicide the main circumstance of deaths. The results presented made it possible to define a mortality profile for each of the major toxic agents studied.

Nivel de conocimientos sobre los daños del consumo de drogas en adolescentes / Level of knowledge about the harms of drug use in adolescents

Introducción: El consumo de sustancias de abuso por adolescentes y jóvenes, es un problema de salud que preocupa a profesionales de la salud, padres y educadores. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimientos sobre los daños del consumo de drogas en los adolescentes de la secundaria básica "Martín Klein" de Varadero. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 228 estudiantes. Se recogieron las variables: nivel de conocimientos, nivel de escolaridad, lugar y frecuencia de consumo. Para medir el nivel de conocimientos se utilizó un cuestionario de seis preguntas, tres cerradas y tres mixtas. Resultados: El 64,9 por ciento de los estudiantes resultó con conocimientos medianos sobre los daños que ocasionan las drogas; el 98,2 por ciento reconoce como drogas al tabaco/cigarro, cocaína y marihuana. El 85,1 por ciento ha obtenido información sobre el tema a través de la televisión, la familia y profesor; el 94,7 por ciento reconoce que el consumo de sustancias es perjudicial para la salud. Predominan los no consumidores de sustancias (66,7 por ciento), y los que consumen, alcohol y cigarros, los fines de semana. Conclusiones: Poseen conocimientos medianos sobre los daños que para la salud ocasionan las drogas; reconocen al tabaco, la cocaína y la marihuana, como drogas. Las mayores fuentes de información fueron la televisión, la familia y el profesor. Identifican que el consumo de drogas deteriora la salud física y mental. Predominan los abstemios, seguido de los que usan alcohol y fuman cigarros en centros recreativos, los fines de semana(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The abuse of substances by adolescents and young people is a health problem that worries health professionals, parents and educators. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge about the harms of drug use in adolescents of the "Martín Klein" secondary school in Varadero. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in 228 students. The variables were collected; level of knowledge, level of schooling, place and frequency of consumption. To measure the level of knowledge, a questionnaire of six questions, three closed and three mixed, was used. Results: 64.9 percent of the students were found with medium knowledge about the damage caused by drugs; 98.2 percent recognize tobacco / cigar, cocaine and marijuana as drugs. 85, 1 percent have obtained information on the subject through television, family and teacher; 94.7 percent acknowledge that the consumption of substances is harmful to health. Predominant non-consumers of substances (66.7 percent), and those who consume, alcohol and cigars, on weekends. Conclusions: They have medium knowledge about the damages caused by drugs to health; they recognize tobacco / cigar, cocaine and marijuana as drugs. The main sources of information were television, the family and the teacher. They identify that drug use impairs physical and mental health. The abstainers predominate, followed by those who use alcohol and smoke cigars in recreational centers, on weekends(AU)

Aspectos do cuidado integral para pessoas em situação de rua acompanhadas por serviço de saúde e de assistência social: um olhar para e pela terapia ocupacional / Aspects of the whole care for people in street followed by health and social assistance services: a look at and for occupational therapy

Resumo Introdução A população que (sobre)vive nas ruas se caracteriza, muitas vezes, pela ruptura dos vínculos sociais e pelo uso de drogas, necessitando de cuidados de saúde e de assistência social. Objetivo Identificar e analisar as percepções dos profissionais terapeutas ocupacionais e dos usuários sobre a atuação e especificidade da terapia ocupacional junto às pessoas em situação de rua atendidas pelo Centro de Atenção Psicossocial álcool e drogas (CAPS-ad III) e pela Unidade de Acolhimento (UA). Método Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com três terapeutas ocupacionais e cinco usuários de um CAPS-ad III do Distrito Federal e da UA referenciada por este CAPS-ad III; os dados foram analisados a partir do método de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados Os dados foram organizados em três categorias temáticas: (1) uso de drogas, a situação de morador de rua e o tratamento no CAPS-ad III; (2) o cotidiano de atuação da terapia ocupacional; e (3) terapia ocupacional e reinserção social. Conclusão A terapia ocupacional atua com população em situação de rua com olhar para o cotidiano e desempenho de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD), trabalhando na perspectiva da Redução de Danos como forma de buscar uma maior qualidade de vida dos usuários. Torna-se necessário levar espaços de saúde e de assistência social para o contexto do usuário, realizar ações extrapolando o espaço físico do CAPS-ad e colocando o usuário como participante ativo desse processo.

Abstract Introduction The population that lives (survive) on the streets is often characterized by the rupture of social ties and the use of drugs, necessitating health care and social assistance. Objective To identify and analyze the perceptions of the occupational therapist professionals and the users about the performance and specificity of the occupational therapy with the street people assisted by the community-based drug treatment service (CAPS-ad III) and the Embracement Unit (EU). Method This is an exploratory and qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 3 occupational therapists and 5 users of a CAPS-ad III from the Federal District and the Embracement Unit (EU) referenced by this CAPS-ad III; the data were analyzed using analysis content. Results The data were organized into three thematic categories: (1) drug use, homelessness and treatment in CAPS-ad III; (2) the daily routine of Occupational Therapy; (3) Occupational Therapy and Social Integration. Conclusion The Occupational Therapy acts with the population in a street situation with a look at the daily life and performance of Activity of Daily Living (ADL), working in the perspective of Harm Reduction as a way to seek a higher quality of life of users. It is necessary to take care spaces and social assistance to the user context, to take actions extrapolating the physical space of CAPS-ad and placing the user as an active participant in this process.

Desfecho perinatal em gestantes usuárias de drogas atendidas em um centro especializado [title language="en"]Perinatal outcomes in pregnant drug users attended at a specialized center / Los resultados perinatales en mujeres embarazadas usuarios de drogas en un centro especializado / xxxx

OBJETIVO: analisar as repercussões perinatais do uso de drogas por gestantes atendidas em um ambulatório de alto risco. MÉTODO: estudo caso-controle, no qual foram avaliados 920 prontuários, no período de 2012-2013. O grupo caso foi constituído pelas gestantes usuárias de drogas lícitas/ilícitas (41) e o controle por gestantes de risco não usuárias (82). RESULTADOS: as gestantes usuárias apresentaram risco aumentado para prematuridade (RR=2,64, p=0,02), baixo peso ao nascer (RR=5,42, p=0,01) e baixo índice de Apgar no 1º minuto (RR=2,97, p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: os resultados indicam que gestantes usuárias de drogas apresentam desfechos perinatais desfavoráveis à gestação.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the perinatal repercussions of drug use by pregnant women treated in a high risk outpatient clinic. METHOD: a case-control study in which 920 medical records were evaluated in the period 2012-2013. The case group consisted of pregnant women who used licit/illicit drugs (41) and the control group of non-user pregnant women (82). RESULTS: pregnant women using drugs presented increased risk for prematurity (RR = 2.64, p = 0.02), low birth weight (RR = 5.42, p = 0.01) and low one-minute Apgar score (RR = 2.97, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: the results indicate that pregnant women who use drugs have unfavorable perinatal outcomes during gestation.

OBJETIVO: analizar los resultados perinatales de consumo de drogas por mujeres embarazadas en una clínica de alto riesgo. MÉTODO: estudio de casos y controles, que evaluó 920 registros médicos, en 2012-2013. El grupo de casos estaba compuesto de las mujeres embarazadas que drogas lícitas/ilegales (41) y el control del riesgo de las mujeres embarazadas no consumidores (82). RESULTADOS: las mujeres embarazadas que se encontraban en mayor riesgo de parto prematuro (RR = 2,64, p = 0,02), bajo peso al nacer (RR = 5,42, p = 0,01) y la puntuación de Apgar baja a 1 minuto (RR = 2,97, p = 0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados indican que las mujeres embarazadas que tienen las drogas adversos del embarazo los resultados perinatales.

Fatores psicossociais e o trabalho com o dependente químico na concepção da enfermagem / Nursing professionals' perception of psychosocial factors and work with substance-dependent patients

Introdução: Os fatores psicossociais se constituem, por um lado, em interações entre o conteúdo do trabalho e as condições ambientais e organizacionais e, por outro, nas competências e necessidades dos trabalhadores. Quando se trata da assistência ao usuário dependente químico ou com adoecimento mental, o serviço é maximizado pela necessidade de cuidado constante. Objetivo: Analisar a concepção do trabalhador de enfermagem que atua na assistência aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas acerca dos fatores psicossociais que interferem na sua saúde mental. Método: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, no qual participaram 22 profissionais da saúde integrantes da equipe de enfermagem. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista, processados no software IRAMUTEQ e analisados pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (CHD). Resultados: Em geral, os participantes percebem os fatores psicossociais que influenciam seu trabalho e, sendo estes desagradáveis, representam riscos para a saúde e sobrecarga mental. As mulheres reportaram maiores exigências laborais e mais sintomas de estresse. Em relação à saúde física e à psicológica, a percepção dos fatores psicossociais aumenta ao longo dos anos na organização, e a maioria referiu a existência, principalmente, de estresse ocupacional decorrente de carga e ritmo de trabalho. Conclusão: A exposição ocupacional a fatores psicossociais desfavoráveis no trabalho esteve presente no relato da maioria dos trabalhadores da enfermagem. Contudo, a correta avaliação desses fatores nas situações de trabalho apresenta dificuldades conceituais e, provavelmente, nem sempre há o seu reconhecimento

Background: Psychosocial factors represent interactions between the content of work and environmental and organizational conditions, and reflect on the competencies and needs of workers. In the case of substance-dependent or mentally ill patients, the workload is maximized due to the need to provide constant care. Objective: To analyze the perception of nursing professionals who provide care to users of alcohol and other drugs in regard to the psychosocial factors which interfere with their mental health. Method: Exploratory and descriptive study with qualitative approach conducted with 22 nursing professionals. Data were collected in interviews, processed with software IRAMUTEQ, and analyzed based on the descending hierarchical classification technique. Results: In general the participants were aware of the psychosocial factors which interfere with their work, and being unpleasant, they represent a risk to health and mental overload. The women reported more job demands and stress symptoms. The perceived influence of psychosocial factors on physical and mental health increased with the time in the job. Most participants complained of occupational stress derived from the workload and pace of work. Conclusion: Most participants reported occupational exposure to unfavorable psychosocial factors at work. However, accurate analysis of such factors is hindered by conceptual aspects, in addition to the fact they are not always recognized

Substance abuse and gender differences in first episode psychosis: Impact on hospital readmissions. / Consumo de sustancias y diferencias de género en personas afectas de un primer episodio psicótico: impacto en los porcentajes de reingreso.

INTRODUCTION: There have been controversial results in the study of gender differences in first episode psychosis (FEP). Substance abuse is the main existing comorbidity in FEP, and has been associated with worse prognosis and greater symptom severity. OBJECTIVES: To explore gender differences in FEP in relation to drug abuse, and their relationship with hospital readmissions. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive and prospective study (18 months). RESULTS: We included 141 patients (31.2% women), aged 26.1 years on average, mostly diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder (32.6%). A percentage of 58.9 had problematic use of drugs. Gender significant differences were found in age of onset, age at entry to the programme, marital status and cohabitation, and percentage differences were revealed in current drug abuse and frequency of consumption. Gender, duration of untreated psychosis, psychiatric history, age of onset and previous drug use were not predictors of re-entry. Hospital readmission rate was 24.8%, with no gender differences. The most common reasons for admission were abandonment of treatment (66.7%) and drug abuse (44.4%). Drug abuse was higher in the men than in the women as a reason for re-admission. CONCLUSIONS: There are gender differences in FEP. Men have an earlier onset of symptoms and have worse functional outcomes. Drug abuse in men is higher and represents a major cause of hospital readmission. Therapeutic interventions to prevent the effects of drug abuse are necessary from the early stages of the illness.

[Use of urine drug screening in the emergency department of a paediatric hospital]. / Utilidad de las técnicas de cribado de tóxicos en orina solicitadas desde el servicio de urgencias de un hospital pediátrico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the situations in which urine drug screening is used in a Paediatric Emergency Department (ED). An analysis is also made on its potential usefulness on whether it changes the patient management, and if the results are confirmed by using specific techniques. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was conducted on patients under the age of 18 attended in the ED during 2014 and in whom urine drug screening was requested. Depending on the potential capacity of the screening result to change patient management, two groups were defined (potentially useful and not potentially useful). RESULTS: Urine drug screening was performed on a total of 161 patients. The screening was considered not to be potentially useful in 87 (54.0%). This was because the clinical history already explained the symptoms the patient had in 55 (34.1%) patients, in 29 (18.0%) because the patient was asymptomatic, and in 3 (1.9%) because the suspected drug was not detectable in the screening. The drug screening results changed the patient management in 5 (3.1%) cases. A toxic substance was detected in 44 (27.3%). Two out of the 44 that were positive (2.1%) were re-tested by specific techniques, and presence of the toxic substance was ruled out in both of them (false positives). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the drug screening tests are not justified, and it is very infrequent that they change patient management. It is very rare that the results are confirmed using more specific methods. Urine drug screening tests should be restricted to particular cases and if the result has legal implications, or if the patient denies using the drug, it should be followed by a specific toxicological study to provide a conclusive result.

Acute street drug poisoning in the patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: the role of chemsex. / Intoxicación aguda por drogas de abuso en el paciente VIH: papel del chemsex.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the drugs usually abused in cases of acute poisoning in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of episodes of acute street drug poisoning in HIV-infected patients in our emergency department over a period of 1 year. Chemsex was defined as the use of methamphetamines, -hydroxybutyrate (GHB), -butyrolactone (GBL), and/or mephedrone in order to prolong sexual activity. RESULTS: We included 101 patients, 93 (92%) of whom were men. The drug that caused the most cases of acute poisoning was cocaine, detected in 52 patients (51%). GHB and amphetamines were the next most frequently implicated street drugs. The prevalence of chemsex in this series was 87%. Mortality was 2%. Amphetamine poisoning was related to intensive care unit admission (odds ratio, 9,2 [95% CI, 1.6-52.2], P=.012). CONCLUSION: Cocaine use was the main cause of acute poisoning in this series. The prevalence of chemsex was high.

OBJETIVO: Identificar la principales drogas de abuso que producen intoxicación aguda en el paciente VIH. METODO: Estudio retrospectivo de 1 año evolución de los episodios de intoxicación por drogas de abuso en el paciente VIH en un servicio de urgencias. Se definió chemsex como el consumo de metanfetamina, GHB/GBL o mefedrona para mantener relaciones sexuales prolongadas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 101 pacientes, 93 (92%) eran varones. La principal droga fue la cocaína en 52 (51%) pacientes, seguida del GHB y anfetaminas. La prevalencia de chemsex fue del 87%. La mortalidad de la serie fue del 2%. El consumo de anfetaminas predijo ingreso en cuidados intensivos: OR 9,2 (IC 95% 1,6-52,2); p = 0,012. CONCLUSIONES: La cocaína fue la principal causa de intoxicación aguda. El chemsex tuvieron una elevada prevalencia.

Cannabis poisoning under the age of 3 years. / Intoxicación por cannabis en menores de 3 años.

EN: The increased use of cannabis among adults and the general perception that cannabis is harmless has been accompanied by a rise in the number of acute poisoning cases among children. We present a retrospective, descriptive study of patients aged 3 years or younger who were treated for cannabis poisoning in a pediatric emergency department between 2012 and 2017. Epidemiologic and clinical data as well as toxicologic findings are reported. We found 10 cases of cannabis poisoning in our records. Nine of the patients had diminished consciousness. Only 2 families initially reported exposure to cannabis when interviewed. Repeated exposure was demonstrated by analysis of hair from 2 patients. We conclude that cannabis poisoning should be included in the differential diagnosis of young children with acute neurologic symptoms of unknown origin. When cannabis is detected in urine samples collected in the pediatric emergency department, more specific diagnostic techniques should be used to assess the possibility of repeated exposure.

ES: El aumento en el consumo de cannabis y su trivialización por la población adulta se han traducido en un aumento de los casos de intoxicaciones agudas en niños. Se presenta un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los pacientes menores de 3 años intoxicados por cannabis entre 2012 y 2017 en un servicio de urgencias pediátricas (SUP). Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y toxicológicos. Se detectaron 10 intoxicaciones por cannabis. Nueve pacientes presentaron alteración en el nivel de conciencia. Solo en 2 casos la familia refirió la exposición al tóxico en la anamnesis inicial. La detección en cabello demostró exposición repetida en 2 pacientes. En conclusión, es necesario incluir la intoxicación por cannabis dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de los niños con clínica neurológica aguda no filiada. Ante la detección de cannabis en orina en el SUP, se debe solicitar la confirmación mediante técnicas específicas y valorar la posibilidad de exposiciones repetidas.